Guide to transliteration

Cyrillic, Armenian, and Georgian scripts

     Approximate pronunciation
English French German Polish Turkish
a   a a a a
ă an ne -e    
c ts ts z c ts
č ch tch tsch cz ç
e   e e e e
ġ         ğ
ğ         ğ
h h   h   h
i   i i i i
j y y j j y
o   o o o o
ö   eu ö   ö
s ss ss ss s s
š sh ch sch sz ş
u   ou u u u
ü   u ü   ü
v v v w w v
w w oui      
x     ch ch  
y       y ı
z z z s z z
ž   j   rz j
’ glottal stop
′ palatal (soft) consonants
″ velar (hard) consonants

Exceptions for Greek

     English French German Polish Turkish
ch     ch ch  
x x   x ks ks
y   i i i i

Hebrew script

     Approximate pronunciation
English French German Polish Russian
a   a a a а
c ts ts z c ц
č ch tch tsch cz ч
ch     ch ch х
e   e e e э
h h   h    
i   i i i и
kh     ch ch х
o   o o o о
q ck qu k k к
s ss ss ss s с
ś ss ss ss s с
š sh ch sch sz ш
u   ou u u у
v v v w w в
w v v w w в
y y y j j й
z z z s z з
ž   j   rz ж
T = t
’ glottal stop or silent
‘ glottal stop or silent
ˉ historically long vowels
˘ historically reduced vowels

Arabic script and Indic scripts

     Approximate pronunciation
English French Spanish Greek Russian
a   a a α а
ã   an      
å all        
c ch tch ch   ч
č ch tch ch   ч
ð the     δ  
e   e e ε э
ġ     g γ  
ğ     g γ  
ǧ j dj     дж
i   i i ι и
j j dj     дж
ñ   gn ñ   нь
ŋ ng   ng γγ  
o   o o ο о
s ss ss   σ с
ś sh ch     ш
š sh ch     ш
þ thin   z θ  
u   ou u ου у
w w oui      
x     j χ х
y y y y γι й
z z z   ζ з
ž   j     ж
D d velarized
Ð ð velarized
H h pharyngeal  [Arabic]
= h  [other languages]
S s velarized  [Arabic]
= s  [other languages]
T t velarized  [Arabic]
= t  [other languages]
Z ð velarized  [Arabic]
= z  [other languages]
Ż = z
’ glottal stop or hiatus
ˉ long vowels
˜ nasal vowels
′ palatal consonants
. retroflex (cerebral) consonants

Bibliographic references

Valid HTML 4.01
Andreas Prilop
14 October 2012