Guide to transliteration

Cyrillic, Armenian, and Georgian scripts

   Approximate pronunciation
English French German Polish Turkish
a   a a a a
ă  an ne -e    
c ts ts z c ts
č ch tch tsch cz ç
e   e e e e
ğ         ğ
h h   h   h
i   i i i i
j y y j j y
o   o o o o
ö   eu ö   ö
r       r r
s ss ss ss s s
š sh ch sch sz ş
u   ou u u u
ü   u ü   ü
w w  oui      
x     ch ch  
y       y ı
z z z s z z
ž   j   rz j
’ glottal stop
′ palatal (soft) consonants
″ velar (hard) consonants

Exceptions for Greek

  English French German Polish Turkish
ch     ch ch  
x x x x ks ks
y   i i i i

Arabic script and Indic scripts

   Approximate pronunciation
English French Spanish Russian Greek
a   a a а α
ã   an      
å  all        
c ch tch ch ч  
č ch tch ch ч  
ð  the       δ
e   e e э ε
ğ     g   γ
i   i i и ι
j j dj   дж  
ñ   gn ñ нь  
ŋ ng   ng   γγ
o   o o о ο
s ss ss s с σ
s = s
š sh ch   ш  
ś sh ch   ш  
þ  thin   z   θ
u   ou u у ου
w w  oui      
x     j х χ
y y y y й γι
z z z   з ζ
z = z
ž   j   ж  
D d velarized
Ð ð velarized
H h pharyngeal  [Arabic]
= h  [other languages]
S s velarized  [Arabic]
= s  [other languages]
T t velarized  [Arabic]
= t  [other languages]
Z ð velarized  [Arabic]
= z  [other languages]
Ż = z
’ glottal stop or hiatus
¯ long vowels
′ palatal consonants
. retroflex (cerebral) consonants

Bibliographic references

Valid HTML 4.01 Andreas Prilop
21 October 2009